Shallow magma convection evidenced by excess degassing and thermal radiation during the dome-forming Sabancaya eruption (2012–2020)

Abstract We used a large set of satellite- (visible, infrared, and radar images from Planetscope, MODIS, VIIRS, Sentinel2, Landsat 8, Sentinel 1) ground-based data (optical images, SO 2 flux, shallow seismicity) to describe characterize the activity Sabancaya volcano during unrest eruption phases that occurred between 2012 2020. The phase (2012–2016) was characterized by increasing gas thermal sourced convective magma column rising along with remnants buried plug still permeable fluid flow. Conversely, new conduit, adjacent previous one, fed eruptive (2016–2020) which instead discontinuous extrusive activity, dome growth (at rates 0.04 0.75 m 3 s ?1 ) collapse. accompanied fluctuating anomalies (0.5–25 MW), irregular degassing (700–7000 tons day ), variable explosive (4–100 events d producing repeated vulcanian ash plumes (500–5000 above crater). Magma budget calculation indicates excess degassing, volume degassed (0.25–1.28 km much higher than erupted (< 0.01 ). Similarly, energy radiated itself, an unbalance that, analogy we define as “excess radiation”. Both these unbalances are consistent presence convection dome.